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BUS X170 How Business Works

MLA Citation- The Basics

We are using MLA-style footnotes for in-text citations. That means that when you want to indicate that a piece of information you've just given the reader comes from a source, you'll insert a footnote number that will point the reader to the bottom of the page, where they will see the full reference for the source. So in the body of the paper, you'll have something like:

Sixty two percent of Gen Xers are open to the idea of buying used goods1, making this an ideal target market for Reallist.

that tiny "1" after 'goods' corresponds to a note at the bottom of the page that gives all the information for the source:

1 Ortega, Marissa. "The Circular Economy - US- March 2021" Mintel database. 2021.

 

Footnotes should go in order, starting with '1.'

You can use the same source more than once, but each use gets its own footnote, so each superscript number will only appear once in the document. In other words, if I cited the above as the first source, it would be footnote 1, but if I want to cite the same source again later in the paper, it would get a new number.

If you're using Word:

  1. Click in the body of your document where you want the footnote reference mark (a small superscript number or symbol) to appear. This should be immediately after the intformation that you're 'borrowing,' even if that puts it in the middle of a sentence.
  2. In the ribbon at the top of the Word window, click on the References tab.
  3. In the "Footnotes" group, click the Insert Footnote button. You can also use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + Alt + F.
  4. Word will automatically insert a numbered reference mark at the location of your cursor in the main text and will move your cursor to the bottom of the page. Here, you can type the text for your footnote.

 If you're using some other software, you'll need to look up information online. There are too many options to list them all here.

Canva does not have a footnote function: you'll need to insert superscript numbers, then manually create a text box at the bottom with the corresponding number and the reference.

 

 
The content of a footnote should be a full reference to the original source. What does that look like? 
It will vary a little bit because different sources may have different amounts of information available about their creation and publication, but try to find as many of these pieces of information as possible and then give them in this order, leaving out any information that you can't find or that is not applicable.:
  1. The author's name: Give this as Lastname, Firstname for a single person and as Big Corporation [not as Corporation, Big] for an organization or company.
  2. The title of the article, report, dataset, book or website: Give this in quotes, e.g. "More People Are Buying  Pet Insurance."
  3. The larger work in which the item appears (if there is one): This could be a the journal in which an article was published or the website that a webpage is part of and should be in italics.
  4. The publisher: This is the organization that made the content available.
  5. The date of publication: You might just have a year, or you might have a month and year or a day, month and year. Give as many pieces of the information as you have. 
  6. The date you accessed the source (use only if it is a webpage*): Many webpages do not have a clear date of publication and what exits at a given web address can change, so if it is a website that anyone can access (i.e. not in a Library database), provide the date you looked at the source, preceded by 'Accessed,' like this: Accessed 5 July, 2022.
*Even though you access them via the Internet, reports and articles from the databases are not webpages. Webpages are publicly accessible to anyone with an Internet connection; that's not true of the databases.
 
Here are some examples:
 
Report with a clear author from a database:
 Riebe, Sydney. "Energy Drinks - US- 2024." Mintel database. 30 April 2024.

author.

title of report in quotes.

database.

date.

 

Riebe, Sydney. 

"Energy Drinks - US - 2024." 

Mintel database. 

30 April 2024.

 
 
 
Report from a database with no clear author:
 "Pet Products in the US." Passport GMID database. April 2023.

title of article in quotes.

database.

date.

 

"Pet Products in the US." 

Passport GMID database. 

April 2023.

 
 
Webpage, part of a larger website:
 "Invest in GigTown: The Yelp for Local Music." Wefunder website. Accessed 6 July 2022.

title of article in quotes.

name of website.

access date.

 

"Invest in Gigtown: The Yelp for local music" 

Wefunder Website. 

Accessed 6 July 2025.

 
 
Article from a journal:

Young, Joyce A. “Sun King Brewery: A Case of Marketing Channel Redesign.” Business Case Journal, vol. 28, no. 1,  2021, pp. 30–38.

author.

title of report in quotes.

name of journal,

volume/issue,

date.

page range.

 

Young, Joyce A. 

"Sun King Brewery: A Case of Marketing Channel redesign." 

Business Case Journal, 

vol. 28, no. 1, 

2021,

pp. 30-38.

 
 

 

  • Titled "Works Cited" (centered, no italics or quotes).

  • Alphabetical Order: Entries are arranged in a single alphabetical list. The alphabetization is based on the first word of each entry, which is often the author's last name. If a work has no author, you alphabetize by the first word of the title (ignoring articles like "A," "An," or "The").

You should cite images the way you would cite anything else from the source you got the image from. Ideally, you should provide a caption that explains the image and put the footnote number immediately after it. 

 

If you're using Word, however, you can't put a footnote in a caption or text box, so label your visual (usually something like "fig. 1: Rideshares and Brand Loyalty"), then reference the figure in your text and put the citation after that mention:

 

As figure 1 shows, most people stick with a single rideshare company as their primary choice2

 

A source is any one article, chapter, report or dataset. You can cite a source multiple times, but it is still only one source. For example, you may include both a chart and a textual paraphrase of the content from the same report. Each of those would get its own citation, but they still come from one source.

A report or chapter may have different sections, but those sections are not separate sources. If it has the same author, title and date, it's the same source. 

Citation and Style Guides

Citation involves properly crediting the authors of information sources used in a paper or presentation. You will need to cite if sources are directly quoted and/or paraphrased or if reading a source contributed to the ideas presented. 

Always cite your sources.

Different disciplines use certain citation styles. Use these Quick Style Guides, the full citation manuals, or ask library staff for citation assistance.

 

Quick Style Guides

Full Style Manuals