Introduction
Philosophy has long centered the perspective and contributions of white male thinkers, especially from Europe and the U.S. Here,, we have compiled a guide highlighting just a few of the influential Islamic thinkers in order to expand the horizons of philosophy as it is currently understood and learn about the history and achievements of Islamic philosophers. Their works challenge us to think outside of dominant viewpoints. These thinkers represent only a handful of the many important Islamic philosophers of history and today, and we hope you'll continue to learn and explore beyond the scholars and lineages of thought we've highlighted here.
Further Reading & Exploration
- Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Religion (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
- Islamic Philosophy (Duquesne University)
- Islam: Philosophy (University of Illinois)
- Islamic Studies: Philosophy (Marquette University)
- Middle East and Islamic Studies (New York University)
- Islamic Studies (Johns Hopkins University)
- Islamic Studies (Brown University)
Next Steps
One research guide is of course never enough to fully honor and celebrate the history and culture of marginalized communities, let alone heal the legacies (and ongoing reality) of harm they've experienced. We recognize that there is much more to be done, that racism and hate against Muslim individuals and communities can't be eliminated simply through the creation of resource guides, and that the work of realizing justice won't soon be over. But nevertheless, we keep trying, contributing how we can and building upon the efforts of those who came before us, and we continue to learn from and with one another.
If you'd like to engage more deeply with Islamic studies, IU Libraries have created a number of interrelated resources and features to provide more holistic coverage of this topic. You'll find those, below:
- Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies
- Resources for Modern Arabic Literature (Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies)
- Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations (Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies)
- Nawrūz (Area Studies)
- Race, Migration, and Indigeneity
- Renaissance Studies
Prominent Philosophers
A selection of Islamic philosophers, along with a summary of their research areas and interests:
- Al-Shifāʾ bint ʿAbd Allāh - companion of the prophet Muhammad, healer, and public administrator
- Aisha bint Abi Bakr (613/14-678) - scholar, voice of hadith, third wife of Muhammad
- Amrah bint Abdur-Rahman (640-717 CE) - scholar, jurist, voice of hadith, and secretary to A’isha
- al-Kindi (800-870 CE) - first self-identified philosopher in the Arabic tradition; metaphysics, cosmology, psychology, epistemology, science, mathematics
- Zaynab Al-Shahda - calligrapher, worked in Islamic law and hadith
- Fatima al-Fihri (800-880) - created the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, which became the modern University of al-Qarawiyyin
- al-Farabi (870-950 CE) - logic, music, language, physics
- Sutayta al-Mahamali (930-987) - mathematician and legal scholar
- Ibn Sina (Avicenna; 970-1037) - logic and empiricism, physics, mathematics, metaphysics, practical philosophy
- al-Ghazali (1056-1111) - introduction of Avicennism into Muslim philosophy; epistemology, logic, metaphysics, theology
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126-1198) - logic and methodology, metaphysics, natural philosophy, psychology, religion, medicine, ethics and politics
- Lubna of Cordoba - royal advisor, poet, library master, and mathematician
- Ibn ‘Arabî (1165-1240) - Koran commentary, Hadith (sayings of Muhammad), jurisprudence, principles of jurisprudence, theology, philosophy, and mysticism
- Zaynab bint Al-Kamal (1248-1339) - Hadith scholar and teacher
- Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)- philosopher and social scientist; considered to be the father of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography
- Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) - philosopher, author, politician; sought an Islamic revival based on social justice ideals, his thought was also influential in the movement for an independent Pakistan.
- Syed Zafarul Hasan (1885-1949) - realism, education, religion
- Morteza Motahhari (1919-1979) - philosophy of law, philosophy of religion, epistemology
- Fazlur Rahman (1919-1988) - Islamic Modernism, ethics, law
- Ismail al-Faruqi (1921-1986) - philosophy of religion, Arabism, Islamization of knowledge
- Musa al-Sadr (b. 1928; disappeared 1978) - political philosophy, Muslim unity, religious philosophy
- Syed Muhammad al Naquib bin Ali al-Attas (b. 1931) - Sufism, cosmology, metaphysics, Malay language
- Ali Shariati (1933-1977) - epistemology, philosophy of history, political philosophy, sociology
- Seyyed Hossein Nasr (b. 1933) - metaphysics, philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, Sufism
- Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (1935-1980) - philosophy of law, logic, philosophy of religion, economics
- Hassan Hanafi (1935-2021) - philosophy of religion, phenomenology
- Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri (b. 1942) - philosophy of religion, logic
- Taha Abderrahman (b. 1944) - philosophy of language, logic, morality, Islam and science, social criticism, metaphysics
- Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (b. 1952) - Islamic law, Islamic history, modern philosophy
- Shabbir Akhtar (1960-2023) - political Islam, Quranic exegesis, Islamophobia, extremism, terrorism, Christian-Muslim relations, Islamic readings of the New Testament
- Malika Zeghal (b. 1965) - Harvard University; interaction of Islam and politics in the modern Middle East, modern Muslim states and their religious institutions, intellectual and political genealogies of Islamist movements in the region, and modern Islamic intellectual history in the Middle East, Europe, and North America
- Muhammed Abdul Muqtedar Khan (b. 1966) - political philosophy, international relations, Islamic political thought
- Maliha Chishti - University of Chicago; Muslim cultural politics, peacebuilding, international development, decolonial and postcolonial feminist approaches to examine the international-local aid encounter in war affected Muslim-majority states
- Niloofar Haeri - Johns Hopkins University; religion, prayer, poetry, ritual, semiotics, presence, gender, voice, vernacularization, translation, Iran, Egypt and the Middle East
- Fatimah Fanusie - Johns Hopkins University; twentieth-century US, African American Islam, civil rights movement, African diaspora culture
- Homayra Ziad - Johns Hopkins University; history, practice and literature of Islamic spirituality and virtue ethics, philosophical Sufism, Qur'an interpretation, contemporary Islam in the United States, Islam in the Mughal Empire, language and subjectivity, religion and the arts, religion and vocation, community-based research, inter-religious activism
Books
Fundamentals of Islamic Thought by ISBN: 0933782152Publication Date: 1985-09-01Ayatullah Murtaza Mutahhari, assassinated in May 1979, soon after the triumph of a revolution he had done much to promote both intellectually and organizationally, was one of the most versatile and prolific of Iranian religious scholars in recent times. His work is marked by a philosophical clarity that particularly qualifies him to deal with the fundamental problems of religious thought that form the subject of this book. The first essay, "Man and Faith," describes the distinctive characteristics of man as an order of creation and establishes his lasting need for both science and faith as complementary means of understanding the universe. Then comes an examination of a key concept of Islam, "The World-View of Tauhid," including some of its implications for the structure of the universe as well as for society and culture. The third essay deals with the nature of the Islamic philosophical tradition from which Mutahhari's thought is derived. The collection is completed by three shorter pieces in which Mutahhari demonstrates his awareness of Western as well as Islamic thought and offers fresh views on several fundamental issues religious concerns.
On the Sociology of Islam by ISBN: 0933782004Publication Date: 1980-05-01In preparing the way for the unparalleled surge of Islamic revival in Iran, many factors have been at work. One of the most important is the legacy of Dr. Ali Shari'ati (1933-1977). A teacher, scholar and writer, Shari'ati and a dynamic influence on the young people of Iran with his classes, discussions, free lectures and articles during the 1960's and 1970's. Shari'ati was a sociologist, educated in Mashhad and Paris, as well as a student of history and philosophy. He subjected contemporary society to careful examination, using the terms, experiences and concepts found in Islamic philosophy and culture for his analysis. He formulated and presented to his students and readers a coherent Islamic world-view and an ideology of social, political and economic change. His views have contributed much to the Iranian Islamic revolution.
Science and Civilization in Islam by ISBN: 1930637152Publication Date: 1992-02-01Islamic science, known to the West principally for its influence on the development of European scientific thought, occupied a central position within the Muslim culture. Through historical and morphological analysis, as well as through excerpts from actual texts, the author graphically conveys to Western readers the content and spirit of Islamic science.
Islam: a contemporary philosophical investigation by ISBN: 9781138910225Publication Date: 2018-04-03Islam as a religion and a way of life guides millions of people around the world and has a significant impact on worldly affairs. To many Muslims, however, a philosophical understanding or assessment of Islamic belief is seen as a feeble and religiously inappropriate attempt to understand matters that are beyond rational comprehension. Islam: A Contemporary Philosophical Investigation explores this issue in detail, by guiding readers through a careful study of the relationship between faith and reason in Islam. In particular, it pays close attention to religious objections to philosophizing about Islam, arguments for and against Islamic belief, and the rationality of Islamic belief in light of contemporary philosophical issues, such as problems of religious diversity, evil and religious doubt.
Understanding Islamic Sciences by ISBN: 1904063039Publication Date: 2003-03-05This book is an introduction to the classical Islamic sciences of philosophy, kalam (theology), Irfan (mysticism), usul al-fiqh (the principles of jurisprudence), fiqh (jurisprudence), and hikmat al-amali (practical philosophy and morality). Compiled from the works of one the most prolific and influential Islamic thinkers of the twentieth century, Murtada Mutahhari, it surveys the fundamentals of these branches of the Islamic sciences from the perspective of multiple Islamic sects and ideologies. An excellent guide to the foundational teachings of Islam as well as an effective introduction to further studies in the classical Islamic sciences.
The Routledge Companion to Islamic Philosophy by ISBN: 9780415881609Publication Date: 2015-09-03This valuable reference work synthesizes and elucidates traditional themes and issues in Islamic philosophy as well as prominent topics emerging from the last twenty years of scholarship. Written for a wide readership of students and scholars, The Routledge Companion to Islamic Philosophy is unique in including coverage of both perennial philosophical issues in an Islamic context and also distinct concerns that emerge from Islamic religious thought. This work constitutes a substantial affirmation that Islamic philosophy is an integral part of the Western philosophical tradition. Featuring 33 chapters, divided into seven thematic sections, this volume explores the major areas of philosophy: Logic, Metaphysics, Philosophy in the Sciences, Philosophy of Mind/Epistemology, and Ethics/Politics as well as philosophical issues salient in Islamic revelation, theology, prophecy, and mysticism.
Sacred Language, Ordinary People: dilemmas of culture and politics in Egypt by ISBN: 0312238975Publication Date: 2003-02-24The cultures and politics of nations around the world may be understood (or misunderstood) in any number of ways. For the Arab world, language is the crucial link for a better understanding of both. Classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab states although it is not spoken as a mother tongue by any group of Arabs. As the language of the Qur'an, it is also considered to be sacred. For more than a century and a half, writers and institutions have been engaged in struggles to modernize Classical Arabic in order to render it into a language of contemporary life. What have been the achievements and failures of such attempts? Can Classical Arabic be sacred and contemporary at one and the same time? This book attempts to answer such questions through an interpretation of the role that language plays in shaping the relations between culture, politics, and religion in Egypt.
The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought by ISBN: 1405121742Publication Date: 2006-08-07The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought reflects the variety of trends, voices, and opinions in the contemporary Muslim intellectual scene. Challenges Western misconceptions about the modern Muslim world in general and the Arab world in particular. Consists of 36 important essays written by contemporary Muslim thinkers and scholars. Covers issues such as Islamic tradition, modernity, globalization, feminism, the West, the USA, reform, and secularism. Helps readers to situate Islamic intellectual history in the context of Western intellectual trends.
Hajj: reflections on its rituals by ISBN: 1871031036Publication Date: 1993-01-01The first complete translation of the masterpiece of Ali Shariati, it is not a treatise on the hajj, but a reflection by the astute haji on what the hajj means as it is performed and includes the meaning behind each and every ritual of the hajj based on the Arabic language and traditional sources.
The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology by ISBN: 9780198816607Publication Date: 2018-11-06This Handbook provides a comprehensive and authoritative survey of Islamic Theology. Divided into five sections, it covers the development of Islamic Theology in the formative and early middle periods (from the seventh to the eleventh century CE); case studies of particular theological issues from this period; Islamic Theology during the later middle and early modern periods; case studies examining the impact of political and social developments; and a final historical section.
Islamic Philosophy of Religion: essays from analytic perspectives by ISBN: 9781032356228Publication Date: 2023-12-01This volume focuses on Islamic philosophy of religion with a range of contributions from analytic perspectives. It opens with methodological discussions on the relationship between the history of Islamic philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy. The book then offers a philosophical examination of some specific Islamic beliefs as well as some approaches to general beliefs that Islam shares with other religions. The chapters address a variety of topics from the existence and attributes of God through to debates on science and religion. The authors are predominantly scholars from Muslim backgrounds who tackle philosophical issues concerning Islam as their own living religion, representing internal perspectives that have never been vocal in analytic philosophy of religion so far.
Islamic Theology and the Problem of Evil by ISBN: 9781617979934Publication Date: 2021-04-06Like their Jewish and Christian co-religionists, Muslims have grappled with how God, who is perfectly good, compassionate, merciful, powerful, and wise permits intense and profuse evil and suffering in the world. At its core, Islamic Theology and the Problem of Evil explores four different problems of evil: human disability, animal suffering, evolutionary natural selection, and Hell. Each study argues in favor of a particular kind of explanation or justification (theodicy) for the respective evil. Safaruk Chowdhury unpacks the notion of evil and its conceptualization within the mainstream Sunni theological tradition, and the various ways in which theologians and philosophers within that tradition have advanced different types of theodicies. He not only builds on previous works on the topic, but also looks at kinds of theodicies previously unexplored within Islamic theology, such as an evolutionary theodicy. Distinguished by its application of an analytic-theology approach to the subject and drawing on insights from works of both medieval Muslim theologians and philosophers and contemporary philosophers of religion, this novel and highly systematic study will appeal to students and scholars, not only of theology but of philosophy as well.
Say What Your Longing Heart Desires: women, prayer, and poetry in Iran by ISBN: 9781503614246Publication Date: 2020-11-10Following the 1979 revolution, the Iranian government set out to Islamize society. Muslim piety had to be visible, in personal appearance and in action. Iranians were told to pray, fast, and attend mosques to be true Muslims. The revolution turned questions of what it means to be a true Muslim into a matter of public debate, taken up widely outside the exclusive realm of male clerics and intellectuals. Say What Your Longing Heart Desires offers an elegant ethnography of these debates among a group of educated, middle-class women whose voices are often muted in studies of Islam. Niloofar Haeri follows them in their daily lives as they engage with the classical poetry of Rumi, Hafez, and Saadi, illuminating a long-standing mutual inspiration between prayer and poetry. She recounts how different forms of prayer may transform into dialogues with God, and, in turn, Haeri illuminates the ways in which believers draw on prayer and ritual acts as the emotional and intellectual material through which they think, deliberate, and debate.
Islam and Good Governance by ISBN: 9781137557186Publication Date: 2019-04-09This book advances an Islamic political philosophy based on the concept of Ihsan, which means to do beautiful things. The author moves beyond the dominant model of Islamic governance advanced by modern day Islamists. The political philosophy of Ihsan privileges process over structure, deeds over identity, love over law and mercy and forgiveness over retribution. The work invites Muslims to move away from thinking about the form of Islamic government and to strive to create a self-critical society that defends national virtue and generates institutions and practices that provide good governance.
Islam As Political Religion: the future of an imperial faith by ISBN: 9780415781473Publication Date: 2010-11-23This comprehensive survey of contemporary Islam provides a philosophical and theological approach to the issues faced by Muslims and the question of global secularisation. Engaging with critics of modern Islam, Shabbir Akhtar sets out an agenda of what his religion is and could be as a political entity. Exploring the views and arguments of philosophical, religious and political thinkers, the author covers a raft of issues faced by Muslims in an increasingly secular society. Chapters are devoted to the Qur'an and Islamic literature; the history of Islam; Sharia law; political Islam; Islamic ethics; and political Islam's evolving relationship with the West. Recommending changes which enable Muslims to move from their imperial past to a modest role in the power structures of today's society, Akhtar offers a detailed assessment of the limitations and possibilities of Islam in the modern world. Providing a vision for an empowered yet rational Islam that distances itself from both Islamist factions and Western secularism, this book is an essential read for students and scholars of Islamic studies, religion, philosophy and politics.
Islamic Political Thought: an introduction by ISBN: 9780691164823Publication Date: 2015-03-29In sixteen concise chapters on key topics, this book provides a rich, authoritative, and up-to-date introduction to Islamic political thought from the birth of Islam to today, presenting essential background and context for understanding contemporary politics in the Islamic world and beyond. Selected from the acclaimed Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, and focusing on the origins, development, and contemporary importance of Islamic political ideas and related subjects, each chapter offers a sophisticated yet accessible introduction to its topic. Written by leading specialists and incorporating the latest scholarship, the alphabetically arranged chapters cover the topics of authority, the caliphate, fundamentalism, government, jihad, knowledge, minorities, modernity, Muhammad, pluralism and tolerance, the Qur'an, revival and reform, shari'a (sacred law), traditional political thought, 'ulama' (religious scholars), and women. Read separately or together, these chapters provide an indispensable resource for students, journalists, policymakers, and anyone else seeking an informed perspective on the complex intersection of Islam and politics.
An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines by ISBN: 0791415163Publication Date: 1993-07-01This is the only book to deal with classical Islamic cosmology as it was formulated by the Ikhwan al-S'afa al Biruni and Ibn Sina during the tenth and eleventh centuries. These figures influenced all the later centuries of Islamic history and in fact created the cosmological framework within which all later scientific activity in the Islamic world was carried out -- the enduring image of the cosmos within which Muslims have lived during the past millennium. Nasr writes from within the Islamic tradition and demonstrates how, based on the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet, the figures treated in this work integrated elements drawn from various ancient schools of philosophy and the sciences. This book is unique in its treatment of classical Islamic cosmology as seen from within the Islamic world-view and provides a key for understanding of traditional Islamic thought.
Ibn 'Arabî - Time and Cosmology by ISBN: 9780415444996Publication Date: 2008-01-07This book is the first comprehensive attempt to explain Ibn 'Arabî's distinctive view of time and its role in the process of creating the cosmos and its relation with the Creator. By comparing this original view with modern theories of physics and cosmology, Mohamed Haj Yousef constructs a new cosmological model that may deepen and extend our understanding of the world, while potentially solving some of the drawbacks in the current models such as the historical Zeno's paradoxes of motion and the recent Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox (EPR) that underlines the discrepancies between Quantum Mechanics and Relativity.
Allah Transcendent: studies in the structure and semiotics of Islamic philosophy, theology, and cosmology by ISBN: 0415018935Publication Date: 1989-07-01Focuses on major Islamic and Arabic thinkers of the Middle Ages, to study the nature, function, role, and development of their God, and relates the views of each to the textual and intellectual history of which he is a product.
Religion and Folk Cosmology by ISBN: 0897899245Publication Date: 2002-12-30This study refutes both the Western dominant paradigm of modernity and the Eurocentric stereotype of traditional Muslim culture, and demonstrates that rural Egyptians have their own paradigm of secular modernism that does not negate religious or sacred orientations. Islam is associated with ongoing attempts at religious purification and cultural unification and is inimical to cultural homogenization encouraged by Western globalization. Provides a holistic interpretation of the interplay between religion and folk cosmology, challenging the stereotypes that relegate traditional people to backwardness and a peripheral space or locality. Within this Muslim society the global/local nexus is one of ongoing creative integration, not separation. The cosmology can best be understood in the context of its totality, encompassing both visible and invisible zones. Muslims articulate personal or private order as well as social order within their cosmology. This cosmological view, endowing people with a unique imaginative sense of engagement with a supraphenomenal reality, accentuates the belief that divine cosmic invisible higher power surpasses any other power. Such a belief represents an inexhaustible source of spiritual and emotional empowerment that may be politically mobilized in certain critical moments and depicted as a religious, holy struggle, or jihad.
Method, Structure, and Development in Al-Fārābī's Cosmology by ISBN: 9789004206151Publication Date: 2012-03-02This study the first monograph devoted exclusively to al-Farabi's cosmology provides a new interpretation of this thinker's philosophical development through an analysis of the Greek and Arabic sources and a contextualization of his life and thought in the cultural and intellectual milieu of his time. It discusses key cosmological and metaphysical concepts articulated in his works, with a special focus on celestial causation, intellection, and motion. This book also examines al-Farabi's cosmological method and particularly the connection between astronomy, physics, and metaphysics. The result is a reassessment of al-Farabi's cosmology vis-à-vis late-antique Greek philosophical trends and a clearer understanding of how it creatively adapted and transformed this legacy to establish a new cosmological paradigm in Arabic thought.
Traditional Islamic Ethics: the Concept of Virtue and Its Implications for Contemporary Human Rights by ISBN: 9781648890383Publication Date: 2021-09-07Traditional Islamic Ethics: The Concept of Virtue and its Implications for Human Rights concentrates on the subject of Islam and modernity and Islam and human rights, a topic that has become popular and relevant with the rise of globalization and the interest in Islamic extremism and human rights. This book distinguishes itself by operating within the framework of the traditional school of thought or 'Islamic Traditionalism'. In doing so, it draws on Islam's 1400-year-old spiritual and intellectual tradition and its understanding of ethics and virtue, along with truth, justice, freedom, and equality. This book argues that Islam's pre-modern approach is indispensable in creating an organic and integral human rights model for Muslims. It concludes that there are 'spaces of convergence' between modern-liberal ethics and traditional Islamic virtue ethics while maintaining that there are also fundamental differences and that these differences should be welcomed by human rights theorists and advocates.
Islamic Ethics As Educational Discourse by ISBN: 9783161599446Publication Date: 2021-09-01This edited volume offers expert insights into core questions of ethics, education, and religion during what is often termed the "Golden Age" of Islamic culture and intellectual history. It focuses on the scholarly oeuvre of the Muslim philosopher and historian Miskawayh (d. 1030), who is known in the contemporary Muslim world as the "founder of Islamic ethics". Written by internationally renowned scholars in Islamic studies, the chapters trace the significance of ancient Greek, Iranian, and Arabic intellectual traditions, among others, in the Islamic educational discourse. They also show how historical research on concepts of education and ethics specific to religion and culture can help find answers to key issues in contemporary societies.
Islamic Ethics and the Trusteeship Paradigm: Taha Abderrahmane's Philosophy in Comparative Perspectives by ISBN: 9789004438361Publication Date: 2020-09-17Islamic Ethics and the Trusteeship Paradigm explores the emerging ethical theory of the trusteeship paradigm as developed by the Moroccan philosopher Taha Abderrahmane (b. 1944). The volume, with contributions in English and Arabic, examines the development of this modern Islamic theory of ethics and how it permeates various disciplines: philosophy, theology, legal theory, Sufism, moral theory, sociology and anthropology, communication, environment and biomedical ethics. The trusteeship paradigm aims to make ethics the compass of human thinking and action in order to overcome the predicaments humanity faces and realize a more just and balanced world. This makes of it one of the principal and profound ethical theories in Islamic scholarship that engages both classical and modern thought.
Scholarly Articles
- Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2005). Islamic Philosophy: An Introduction. Journal of Islamic Philosophy, 1(1), 12–52.
- Hanafi, H. (1982). The Relevance of the Islamic Alternative In Egypt. Arab Studies Quarterly, 4(1/2), 54–74.
- Nasr, S. H. (2013). Harmony of Heaven, Earth and Man—Harmony of Civilizations. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 77, 10–14.
- Khawar, M. (2024). Economic agency of women in Islamic economic philosophy: going beyond Economic Man and Islamic Man. International Journal of Social Economics, 51(3), 364–376.
- Asl, M. P. (2021). The relations between Islamic Philosophy and science, from the viewpoint of Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ṭabāṭabāʾī. Journal of Shiʻa Islamic Studies, 14(1–2), 5–46.
- Nasr, S. H. (2010). Islam and the Problem of Modern Science. Islam & Science (17037603), 8(1), 63–74.
- Khan, M. A. M. (2015). Political Muslims in America: From Islamism to Exceptionalism. Middle East Policy, 22(1), 32–40.
- Masood Ahmad, H. M., & Qaisar, I. (2023). The Evolution of Political Sovereignty in Islamic Political and Social Thought. Al-Hameed Islamic Studies Research Journal, 2(2), 1–15.
- Ali, I. (2023). Philosophy and Religion in the Political Thought of Alfarabi. Religions, 14(7), 908.
- Nuredin Mahmoudi. (2023). The Existential Identity of Creativity in Islamic Philosophy: Intercultural Analysis of the Perfection of the Human Soul. Dinamika Ilmu, 23(2), 249–259.
- Aijaz, I. (2024). The “Diderot Objection” to Plantinga’s Reformed Epistemology. Religious Studies, 60(1), 123–146.
- Nayab Nasir, Sarwar M Azhar, & Mumtaz Khan. (2022). Knowledge Workers & “Ilm” - A Retrospective on Islamic Philosophy and Epistemology for Learning Organizations. Journal of Management and Research, 9(2).
- Aboya, A. K. (2018). Rethinking Islamic intellectualism -- Mohsin al-Mulk’s analysis of Islamic epistemology. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society , 66(3–4), 107–120.
- Khan, M. A. M. (2014). What is enlightenment?: An Islamic perspective. Journal of Religion & Society, 16, 1–8.
- Nasr, S. H. (2014). Happiness and the Attainment of Happiness: An Islamic Perspective. Journal of Law and Religion, 29(1), 76–91.
- Jahangiri, M. (2023). The Question of Theodicy in Islamic Philosophy—Suggesting a Solution: Badā. Religions, 14(8), 1–14.
- Haeri, N. (2013). The Private Performance of “Salat” Prayers: Repetition, Time, and Meaning. Anthropological Quarterly, 86(1), 5–34.
- Fanusie, F. (2007). Ahmadi, beboppers, veterans and migrants: African American Islam in Boston, 1948-1963. In The African diaspora and the study of religion (pp. 49–69).
- al-Fārūqī, I. R. (1960). On the ethics of the Brethren of purity. The Muslim World, 50(2), 109–121.
- Jahangiri, M., & Faruque, M. U. (2024). Toward a Neuro-ethics in Islamic Philosophy: Trauma, Memory, and Personal Identity. SOPHIA.
- Velji, M. (2023). Proposing an Islamic virtue ethics beyond the situationist debates. INQUIRY-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY.
Journals
Relevant Journals
- Journal of Islamic Philosophy
- Arabic Sciences and Philosophy: a historic journal
- Hawwa: Journal of Women of the Middle East and the Islamic World
- Islamic Law and Society
- Journal of Islamic Studies
- Arab Studies Journal
- The Journal of Islamic Law and Culture
- Journal of Arabic Literature
- Muqarnas
- Ars orientalis
- Journal of Islamic Manuscripts
- Al-Masāq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean
- International Journal of Arabic Linguistics
- Middle East Policy
- Studia Islamica